Foods to eat and avoid when you have arthritis

Arthritis is a disease concerning one or several joints in the body that produces unbearable pain and inflammation. It is typically caused by wear and tear and is treated with pain medication.

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Though there is no sure shot diet that will alleviate the pain of arthritis, yet according to researchers, there are anti-inflammatory foods that patients of arthritis can benefit by. These are:

Foods that fight arthritis:

Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids are known to reduce the inflammation related to arthritis. COX-2 enzymes causing inflammation of the joints tend to be less active when you’re on a diet of Omega-3 fatty acids. They can be found in meat, snacks, corn and sunflower oil, and in salmon, tuna, mackerel, trout and sardines, walnuts and flaxseeds.

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Broccoli: Cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, bokchoy and kale prevent further arthritis development.

Vitamin D: Those who kept out in the sun or took Vitamin D tablets benefitted by having lesser arthritic pain. The progression of arthritis too slows down immensely when you take Vitamin D tablets. Vitamin D is found in oily fish, bread, dairy products, etc.

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Olive oil: Those suffering with arthritis should get on to a Mediterranean diet, which includes olive oil. It helps reduce the stiffness and pain associated with arthritis. Add olive oil, lemon juice and vinegar to your salad, and add herbs if you like too.

These are foods that aggravate arthritis, hence should be avoided:

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Fried foods: Foods rich in fats like French fries, donuts, fried chicken and fish should not be eaten by arthritis patients. If one overeats these foods, body fat increases and this puts strain on the joints and increases the chances of wear and tear. Since body fat produces chemicals and hormones, it is responsible for heightened inflammation levels. To prevent arthritis from worsening, grill, bake, steam or roast your food.

Sugars &refined carbs: Refined carbohydrates can be seen in foods with white flour. So, white bread, cakes, rolls and biscuits contain them. Refined carbs cause inflammation in the joints and increase levels of cytokines and other inflammatory substances that worsen arthritis. Foods rich in refined carbs should be swapped for their whole grain counterparts such as whole wheat grain, bread, pasta, and wild and brown rice.

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Dairy Products: Dairy products contain certain proteins that aggravate the affected arthritis joints. For relief from arthritis, sufferers are known to switch to a vegan lifestyle, where protein from dairy products is absent. They get this protein from green leafy vegetables.

Natural remedies for depression-Don’t let it kill you

Depression is a commonly experienced feeling. People feel depressed when they lose someone very close to them or very precious, or when their self-esteem takes a big hit. There are many situations in life to which people crumble and end up feeling depressed over prolonged periods. It could also be due to hypothyroidism or anemia.

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It is said that 20 million people in the United States suffer from depression. Though most sufferers of depression do not seek medical help, the first step for patients with depression is to speak to their doctor because if left untreated, depression can become chronic. If patients do not want medical help, they can take recourse to any of these natural remedies:

Natural remedies to cure depression:

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St. John’s Wort: This herb helps as a mood upper for nervousness, sadness, anxiety and insufficient sleep. According to research, St. John’s Wort is a good remedy for mild depression. It is available in the form of tablets, capsules, tea or extracts. For best results, patients should take it for about five weeks. They could experience side-effects such as exhaustion, indigestion, dry mouth and dizziness.

 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These fatty acids stimulate brain function and since our bodies do not manufacture it, we need to add it to our diet. There is definite research that points to a low intake of Omega-3 fatty acids and depression. By eating a diet of Omega-3 fatty acids foods such as salmon, cod, herring, tuna, sardines or anchovies, you can find relief from depression. Take them in the form of capsules, or as cod liver oil capsules. However, take care not to take it two weeks before and after a surgery.

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SAM-e: SAM-e or S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine is a naturally occurring chemical in the human body that enhances levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, serotonin and dopamine. It should be taken according to your doctor’s instructions.

Meditation: Meditation helps to quiet the confusion and hurt in the mind and replace it with serenity.

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Yoga: There are several effective yoga exercises to fight depression and regain one’s mental control and freedom.

Eat magnesium-rich foods: Foods rich in magnesium can help to improve your moods and add a dash of health to your daily food. Eat pumpkin, sesame and sunflower seeds and cashew nuts and almonds, apart from legumes and beans, dark leafy veggies to increase your magnesium intake.

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Reflexology: In this therapy, a professional applies pressure to certain points on the feet and hands. By manipulating the nerves at these points, the healing process is expedited and the patient experiences relief.

Healthy Kale and Beans Soup

Soups are enjoyed mostly in the winter and there are different types of soups that include vegetables, beans, meat, fish and steak versions. In fact, every type of variety is there. You can pick the finest ingredients that provide hearty flavors according to your choices and preferences.

Commonly, there are two types of soups; thick and clear soup. This recipe is a thick version that combines some healthy ingredients like kale and beans. The kale is added to provide fiber, which help you lose fat and stay lean. It is one of the great and first choices if you want to include taste in a meal, while keeping calories low. If you never tried kale before then it is a great way to start. Kale also helps lower diabetes and reduces the risk of heart diseases. Kale is high in fiber and water content which help prevent constipation and promote a healthy digestive tract. Another important ingredient is beans that is super healthy and high in fiber, antioxidants, protein, vitamin B, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, and potassium.

Healthy_Kale_Beans_Soup

 

 

 

 

Serves 6

Ingredients

  • Pinch of salt, or to taste
  • 2 chopped onions
  • 3-4 cups organic vegetable broth
  • 5 garlic cloves, minced
  • 16-ounces beans, rinsed and drained (personal choice preferred)
  • 1/2 teaspoon black pepper
  • 1/2 cup celery
  • 2 teaspoons chopped fresh rosemary
  • 1 cup potatoes, cubed
  • 1 bundle of kale,
  • 4 tablespoons olive oil
  • 1 cup chopped carrot
  • 2 tablespoons red-wine vinegar

Preparation

  • Take a large pan and heat olive oil in it.
  • Add celery, carrots, onions and cook for about 15 minutes at medium heat.
  • Next, add salt and garlic.
  • Then add broth and bring the mixture to boil.
  • At this stage, add the potatoes and kale.
  • Lower the heat and cook for about 25 minutes with the lid on.
  • Meanwhile, take a blender and add beans.
  • Blend until smooth.
  • Add the bean puree to the soup mixture and boil for another 10 minutes.
  • If you like, you can add beans straight.
  • Stir in rosemary and red wine vinegar at the end.
  • Boil for about 10 minutes. Sprinkle pepper according to taste.
  • Serve and enjoy.

 

 

 

 

Women’s diet after menopause

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On reaching menopause, a woman is vulnerable to face many health  issues mainly because of the estrogen hormone reducing. However, the risk of many of those health issues can be avoided by consuming a healthy and balanced diet full of essential nutrients. Before discussing about the necessary diet for women after menopause, let’s first take a look at the various health issues that women are prone to after menopause.

Mental health: estrogen is one of the necessary hormones that govern the mental health of a woman. Because of the certain properties of this hormone it protects against memory loss and aids in proper brain functioning. It stimulates production of neurotransmitters and also eliminates the production of free oxygen radicals that cause Alzheimer. When a woman reaches her menopause stage, she becomes more prone to get Alzheimer because of the decline in estrogen production.

Bone Density: because of the lack of estrogen after menopause, a woman becomes more susceptible to osteoporosis, as she tends to lose bone density. Her bones become fragile and get easily fractured. Estrogen is responsible for the resorption of calcium in the bones and also maintains the levels of vitamin D, which is again an important nutrient in maintaining strong bones.

Heart health: Estrogen again is responsible for maintaining a healthy heart. This particular hormone can maintain cholesterol levels, smoothen blood vessels for a normal blood flow and reduce free radicals that affect the arteries. A menopausal woman is at a higher risk of heart ailments due to a fall in estrogen levels.

Diet essential for menopausal woman

Now that we know the various problems that a menopausal woman can face, we also must know that eating a healthy and nutritious diet can help menopausal women avoid many of those problems. Here we have a list of certain foods rich in nutrients that should be included in the diet of a woman after menopause.

 

Fats: unsaturated fats reduce the risk of heart diseases and diabetes and should be therefore consumed in the daily diet of a woman after menopause. These include skimmed milk, nuts, olive oil, peanut butter, avocados etc. While eating these sources of unsaturated fats is necessary, avoiding those with saturated fats is also necessary for a menopausal woman.

Carbohydrates: carbohydrates are one of the essential macro-nutrients that supply the body with energy. Wholegrain cereals like oats, rice, barley and cornmeal, starchy vegetables like potatoes, yams, green peas, brown bread and wholemeal pasta are rich sources of carbohydrates that should be included in the diet of a menopausal woman.

Protein: meat products, eggs, nuts, beans and lentils, yogurt, cottage cheese and soy milk are some of the protein rich sources that should be included in the diet of a woman after menopause. Proteins tend to increase the immunity and save from various illnesses and infections.

Calcium: this is yet another important mineral nutrient that the body of woman approaching menopause lacks. Dairy products like, cheese, yogurt, milk, green leafy vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, soya beans and tofu are some of the rich sources of calcium. In order to prevent disease like osteoporosis and maintain a good bone health even in old ages, calcium rich foods should be incorporated in the diet of a menopausal women.

Turkey soup with veggies

Sipping into a rich turkey broth, filled with turkey meat and aromatic veggies – is a soul-satisfying experience which words can’t describe. A bowl of turkey and veggie soup will help you shed off all the exhaustion after a busy day.

This turkey soup is a great away to use up any leftover animal carcass to brew the rich, flavorsome broth; your refrigerator will be cleaned up too! Pull off any meat that clings to the bones and wrap them up for later use while you use up the bones for the stock. As long as you are willing to go through this tedious job of deboning the meat and simmering the broth, you’ll be rewarded with an amazingly economical and protein-dense soup that can dispel any exhaustion.

Apart from being enriched with protein, the soup receives a healthy dose of nutrients from the parsnips, carrot and leeks. While the leeks will entice your senses with its subtle aroma, the peppery flavor of parsnips adds a hint of robustness to the broth without overpowering its savoriness. You may also throw in fresh corn kernels, rice or barley to make it heartier.

Overall, it’s so delicious that you would love to be stuck there for days!

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Ingredients:

For the broth:

  • Bones from one turkey
  • 3 large carrots, cut into large dices
  • 1 onion, quartered
  • 2-3 celery stalks, chopped
  • 15-20 parsley sprigs
  • 10-12 black peppercorns

For the soup:

  • 4 lb. prepared turkey broth
  • ½ stick butter
  • 2-4 lb. turkey meat, diced
  • 1 lb. parsnips, peeled and chopped
  • 2 leek stalks, rinsed and sliced
  • 5 celery stalks with leaves, chopped
  • 1/8 cup onion, finely chopped
  • 1 tbsp. minced garlic
  • 2 tsp. fresh sage, finely chopped
  • 2 tsp. dried thyme
  • 4 tbsp. fresh parsley leaves, finely chopped
  • Salt to taste

Instructions:

  • For the broth, place all its ingredients into a large pot and pour in enough water to cover them completely; break the bones which don’t fit.
  • Bring the broth to a boil and place a lid on top.
  • Reduce to a simmer and simmer for 2 hours.
  • Drain out the bones and veggies with a slotted spoon and tip the remaining broth into a cheesecloth-lined sieve to strain into a clean pot.
  • Discard the bones and set the carrots aside using tongs.
  • Place the pot of strained liquid on a stove and bring it back to a boil.
  • Reduce to a gentle simmer and cook for 3 more hours until it thickens and its flavors develop further.
  • Remove from heat and allow it to cool completely.
  • Set 4 lb of it aside and freeze the rest for future use.
  • For the soup, add the butter into the pot and melt over medium heat.
  • Throw in the chopped celery, onion, leeks and herbs along with a dash of salt.
  • Sauté over slightly low heat for 8-10 minutes, stirring often, until the leeks and onion turn translucent.
  • Pour in the stock and bring the mixture to a boil.
  • Plop in the meat chunks, cooked carrots, chopped celery as well as parsnips and bring it back to a boil.
  • Reduce to a simmer over low heat and cook, covered, for a couple of hours.
  • Ladle into soup bowls and serve hot with chunks of crusty bread.

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Nuts: Health benefits for women

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Many of us enjoy eating different kinds of nuts as a snack food along with something to drink. Their salty, creamy and savoury taste and texture also makes them a popular ingredient in a host of dishes. While many people are fond of nuts, there are some who are afraid of their high caloric and fat content and therefore avoid them as much as possible. However, according to researches and various studies, incorporating nuts in your daily diet, especially that of women, have plenty of health benefits.

The primary women’s health issue is being overweight or obese, which is the main cause of many diseases with a risk to life. Nuts like almonds, walnuts, cashews and others were found to be beneficial in weight loss, according to a study. But weight is not the only women’s health issue that could be resolved with consuming a particular quantity of nuts. There is a galore of health benefits associated with nut consumption including:

 

Stress Reduction: including nuts in your daily diet can help in reducing stress in your body.  The good nutrients present in nuts like alpha-linolenic acid of walnuts, and a collection of vitamins including vitamin E and vitamin B along with magnesium in almonds and cashews can protect your body against the harmful effects of stress and also help to boost your immune system.

Heart Health: almonds, hazel nuts, peanuts, walnuts and cashews are a few nuts that can help in reducing LDL cholesterol that causes major heart issues.  They also include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat and fiber, which are heart healthy. These nuts also contain arginine and amino acid that are converted to nitric acid for relaxing the blood vessels.

Lung Cancer: pistachios are rich in gamma-tocopherol, a type of vitamin E that helps in providing lung cancer protection. Therefore this particular nut is a must have in a women’s diet plan.

Cholesterol: nuts, especially walnuts are good for keeping away the bad cholesterol or LDL out of your body. A higher level of LDL can cause cardiovascular ailments, stroke and abdominal and stomach pains. Other than walnuts, almond and pistachios are also found to lower the bad cholesterol and increase the good cholesterol or HDL in your body. Many nutritionists recommend including these beneficial nuts in your diet to lessen the risk of heart disease.

Pancreatic Cancer: the consumption of nuts like brazil nuts, cashews, pecans and other popular variety of nuts lower the risk of diabetes mellitus, which is one of the causes of pancreatic cancer in women. Therefore incorporating nuts in your daily diet can save you from this disease.

Brain Health: most nuts like almonds, peanuts, walnuts, pistachios, cashew nuts and different others are great for maintaining good brain health. They consist of vitamin E, which is good for having a sharp memory. As you age you are more at a risk of cognitive decline. Peanuts that are rich in folates and brain boosting fats can prevent this risk.

Paleo butternut squash soup

Paleo diet is the new diet trend, because of its immense health benefits. Technically the food eaten by the cavemen, a paleo diet encourages hearty meals and intake of animal protein. Though it might sound like a diet custom-made for men, Paleo food is proven to work wonders for women. Paleo lifestyle eliminates sugar and soy, a phytoestrogen, both responsible for mood swings, menstrual cramps and add several inches to your waistline. Rather, this diet encourages intake of healthy fats like omega-3 fatty acids which ensure superior cognitive abilities in offspring. It’s nutrient-dense thus maintaining a hormonal balance and ensure fertility.

Now that you have enough reasons to go Paleo, it’s time to check out the perfect grub to kick-start your healthy culinary venture. Try out this simple Paleo version of classic butternut squash soup. It’s deliciously creamy, in spite of being dairy-free (another Paleo restriction) and has the elegance of a gourmet delicacy. Yet, it calls for affordable ingredients available in every supermarket or lurking in your pantry.

The soup gets it silky texture from the thick coconut milk and pureed sweet potatoes, the latter compensating for the lack of sugar as well. The aromatic leeks make sure that the soup is far from being bland and boring like an ordinary healthy dish. The entire ensemble not only work together to turn the soup into an ultimate gastronomic indulgence, but makes it filling enough to be enjoyed as a light meal all by itself. So warm up to its savory flavors and enjoy its nourishing goodness!

Paleobutternutsquashsoup

Serves: 6

Ingredients:

  • 1 ½ lb. butternut squash, peeled and diced
  • 12 oz. sweet potatoes, peeled and diced
  • 2 medium leeks, sliced
  • ½ cup thick coconut milk
  • 4-6 cups chicken broth
  • 2 tbsp. coconut oil
  • ½ tsp. freshly ground black pepper
  • 1 tsp. sea salt
  • Chopped green onions, to garnish

Instructions:

  • Drizzle oil in a pot and heat it over medium heat until it simmers.
  • Throw in the chopped veggies and leeks along with a dash each of salt and pepper.
  • Stir fry for 5 minutes until the veggies begin to brown and pour in enough broth to immerse the ingredients completely.
  • Bring the mixture to a boil and reduce to a simmer.
  • Cook likewise for 20 minutes, stirring at times, until the sweet potatoes turn tender.
  • Blend them with a handheld blender until smooth and fold in the coconut milk.
  • Cook for a minute to reheat the soup and ladle into soup bowls.
  • Sprinkle little chopped green onions on top of each serving and sip in to relax!

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Women’s Health and Nutrition

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Diseases like heart disease, breast cancer, and osteoporosis are some of the most common illnesses that a woman suffers today. These hazardous diseases along with many others can however be altered by changing your sedentary lifestyle and adopting a more healthier routine. Regular exercise along with a nutritious diet for women is very important for maintaining health and getting rid of various diseases, even those that have a risk of life. In this article, we will be discussing a few essential nutrients required by every woman to stay strong and fit throughout her life.

When you consume the recommended servings of the major food groups that contain essential nutrients, your body becomes strong enough to literally combat almost every disease that can interfere with your daily life. Here we have a list of six of those essential nutrients, incorporating them in your daily diet can do wonders for you by helping you maintain a proper metabolic function, hormone balance and bone strength.

Magnesium: this mineral is required in about 300 enzyme and metabolic reactions in the body of a woman. It’s deficiency can cause headaches, irritability, weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, and insomnia. Magnesium is required in your body to keep nerves and muscles functioning normally. It also helps in keeping up with a healthy immune and metabolic system. Green leafy vegetables, seaweed, avocado, nuts, chocolate, beans, brown rice and millets contain magnesium and should be included in a women’s diet.

Calcium: If you want to manage your bone health and prevent diseases like osteoporosis, you must include calcium rich foods in your diet. Besides maintaining the health of your bones and teeth, this mineral is also required for nerve transmission, intracellular signalling, and hormonal secretion. Dairy products like milk, cheese, yogurt etc. and non dairy products like sea vegetables, cabbage, kale and broccoli as well as juices and cereals must be included in your diet.

Iron: this mineral is essential for the body as it enhances the hemoglobin protein that is required to carry oxygen in the blood. A deficiency of iron causes fatigue, weakness, less immunity, anemia and a lesser amount of hemoglobin.  Iron rich food sources include red meats, fish and plant food sources like lentils, beans, molasses, dried apricots, and raisins.

Zinc: this is an essential mineral known to boost the immune system in your body by increasing the white blood cell count.  It is also required for the functioning of many enzymes, regulating hormones, the tissue healing process and also increases the fertility of a woman. Oyster and pumpkin seeds, beans, nuts, whole grains and various meat products are rich sources of zinc and therefore necessary to be included in your diet.

Iodine: iodine is an essential mineral known to prevent and also treat many thyroid problems such as thyroid gland enlargement, which in turn can lead to breast cancer. The deficiency of this mineral can effect the metabolism, nerve and muscle functions, nails, skin, hair, teeth, and has profound effects on mental and physical growth of the body. Therefore iodine rich foods including seafood and sea weeds should be included in your diet.

 

Gluten-free chocolate brownies

 

Every individual has their own idea of a perfect brownie. While some prefer their share of brownies to be slightly cakey, the rest drool over the slightly crusty brownie with a chewy fudgy center.  If you belong to the camp of fudge brownie lovers, this gluten-free version will definitely please you.

Eliminating flour or any gluten-laced ingredient from the brownie recipe makes the brownie naturally moist with a crunching crust on top for a delicious distinction. Sounds like great news for gluten intolerants who have deprived their sweet tooth from this decadent indulgence! Gluten-free brownies are rich, dense and can give a pleasant result compared to flour brownies. Even people without any gluten intolerance will find them irresistible and will never regret the lack of gluten flour in it.

These brownies can be prepared with any gluten-free flour, but a full-proof recipe calls for something special. Teff flour does the job with discretion and adds a hint of nuttiness to the baked goodie. With chocolate for company, this whole-grain flour makes the flavors pop without making the brownies taste grainy. What an utter joy to your sweet tooth!

brownies

 Yields: 2 dozen brownies

Ingredients:

  • 5 oz teff flour
  • 2 oz unsweetened chocolate, broken into chunks
  • 2 handfuls semi-sweet chocolate chips
  • 2 handfuls hazelnuts, chopped
  • 2 extra-large eggs, at room temperature
  • 1 cup sugar
  • 4 oz unsalted butter
  • 1 tsp pure vanilla extract

Instructions:

  • Warm up your oven to 350 degrees F and spread a large piece of parchment paper within an 8’’ square baking pan, making sure that it overhangs from the edges slightly.
  • Slather it with a few drops of oil and set aside.
  • Place the chocolate and butter in a microwave-safe bowl and pop into the microwave oven to cook for a minute or until they melt.
  • Whisk them together until smooth and set aside until cool enough to touch.
  • Blend in the sugar until it melts completely.
  • Crack the eggs, one at a time, and whisk them into the mixture until blended thoroughly.
  • Stir in the vanilla extract and fold in the teff flour until fully incorporated into a smooth batter.
  • Stir the batter for a minute and scatter the chopped nuts as well as the chocolate chips on top.
  • Fold them together to distribute evenly and tip the batter into the prepared pan.
  • Smooth out the surface with a spatula and bake in the hot oven for 20-25 minutes until the edges separates from the pan and the center is set.
  • Remove from the oven and let it stand for 15 minutes to cool.
  • Lift the slab of brownie from the pan using the overhanging edges of the parchment paper and let it cool on a wire rack.
  • Carve out medium squares and serve.
  • Dig in and enjoy!

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Essential minerals for hormonal balance in women

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Women’s health and Essential Minerals for Hormone Balance

A healthy and nutritious diet plays an important role in sustaining the health of both men and women equally. When it comes to women’s health, the deficiency of certain essential nutrients can create a hormonal imbalance that dramatically affects her overall health. The common symptoms of a hormonal imbalance include PMS, menopause, fatigue, weight gain, hot flashes, thyroid imbalance, infertility, and various others. Medical studies show that all these symptoms appeared in the body of a woman due to deficiency of some or one of the mineral deficiencies in her food consumption. This is why, a nutrient rich diet is often recommended whenever any hormonal imbalance is noticed. Here we shall be discussing five of the most essential minerals that are required in a woman’s body to keep up with hormonal balance.

  • Calcium: this essential mineral is commonly associated with the bones and teeth of our body. It is quite true as around 95% of calcium is needed to maintain our bone health as well as strong teeth. Women over the age of 50 commonly suffer from osteoporosis which is caused by calcium deficiency and thus millions of them report of fractures annually. The disease is further aggravated by hormonal imbalance (estrogen) in menopausal women. This hormonal imbalance due to calcium deficiency can also cause lower immunity, nerve signalling and cellular health.
  • Magnesium: like calcium, magnesium is also required for optimal bone health in a woman’s body. This mineral also helps in various other processes in our body such as making new proteins, muscle activation, nerve communication and also hormonal development. This mineral helps in production of energy and also helps pregnant woman delay preterm birth. The symptoms of hormonal imbalancing like PMS, migraine headaches and muscular cramping and spasm can also be avoided with magnesium.
  • Iron: anemia is a very common women’s health problem that is seen in many menstruating woman. This is mainly due to the deficiency of iron in the blood. Iron boosts the hemoglobin of red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the blood stream, therefore its deficiency causes anemia especially in menstruating women as they lose blood during their menstruation cycle. Fatigue, weakness in body, cold hands and feet, rapid heartbeat, and headaches is some of the most common symptoms of anemia. While iron is required for menstruating women, excess of iron can cause problems in women after menopause as large amounts of this mineral can cause hormonal imbalance and lead to a number of problems.
  • Zinc: poor dietary habits, hormonal replacement therapies, birth control medications can all lead to a massive deficiency of zinc. Lower levels of this mineral can cause an increased activity of the estrogen hormone in which a woman can suffer with infertility, PMS, and also an increase in the aging process. Zinc deficiency also makes it harder to tolerate stress.
  • Selenium: known for its antioxidant properties, selenium is an essential mineral required in a woman’s body for protection against plenty of chronic ailments like heart disease, cancer, and autoimmune conditions. It also regulates the activity of thyroid hormone, estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteotropic hormone.